In this essay it is proposed to transform the class of mathematics into an epistemological laboratory. This renewal is necessary because the present society poses new challenges for present and future generations. Faced with these needs, prevailing educational practices are outdated; Because students have few opportunities to participate in the construction, invention and discovery of knowledge; Mainly in the learning of mathematics. Mathematics are not juxtaposed disciplines in the academic formation of students; On the contrary, if the teaching and learning of mathematics are transformed into spaces of learning, learners will have more opportunities to understand the functionality of this branch of knowledge.

Cet essai vise à transformer la classe de mathématiques dans un laboratoire épistémologique. Ce renouvellement est nécessaire parce que la société d'aujourd'hui pose de nouveaux défis pour les générations actuelles et futures. Répondre à ces besoins pratiques éducatives en vigueur sont révélées dépassées; parce que les étudiants ont peu de chance de participer à la construction, l'invention et la découverte de la connaissance; principalement dans l'apprentissage des mathématiques. Les mathématiques sont pas juxtaposé disciplines dans la formation académique des étudiants; Au contraire, si l'enseignement et l'apprentissage des mathématiques deviennent apprentissage espaces apprenants ont plus d'occasions de comprendre la fonctionnalité de cette branche de la connaissance.

En este ensayo se propone transformar la clase de matemáticas en un laboratorio epistemológico. Esta renovación es necesaria porque la sociedad actual plantea nuevos retos para las presentes y futuras generaciones. Frente a estas necesidades las prácticas educativas predominantes se revelan caducas; porque el alumnado tiene pocas oportunidades de participar en la construcción, invención y descubrimiento del conocimiento; principalmente en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas. Las matemáticas no son disciplinas yuxtapuestas en la formación académica del alumnado; al contrario, si la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las matemáticas se transforman en espacios de aprendizaje los educandos tendrán más oportunidades de comprender la funcionalidad de esta rama del conocimiento.

Monosporascus root rot and vine decline caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is one of the most important melon yield-limiting diseases in northeastern Brazil. This study investigated the fitness components of 57 isolates of M. cannonballus obtained from Brazilian melon fields by evaluating: i) their mycelial growth rate (MGR), and perithecia and ascospore production (PP and AP) on potato dextrose agar (PDA); ii) their sensitivity to the fungicide fluazinam; and iii) their virulence to melon seedlings. All M. cannonballus isolates showed variability in their MGR, PP and AP values. They were sensitive to the fungicide fluazinam, showing some degree of mycelial growth inhibition (MGI), and were pathogenic to melon seedlings, with a mean disease severity index (DSI) of 62.1%. By univariate analysis, the formation of groups of similarity amongst the isolates of M. cannonballus within each variable was not limited by the area of origin of each isolate, given that in most situations, different isolates of the same area were distributed into distinct groups of similarity. A multivariate cluster analysis allowed the separation of the 57 M. cannonballus isolates in 18 groups of similarity. The fitness variability among M. cannonballus isolates found in this study should be considered when possible sources of resistance are evaluated in melon breeding programs.

O colapso do meloeiro (Cucumis melo), causado por Monosporascus cannonballus, é uma das principais enfermidades que acometem esta olerícola. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o potencial do controle biológico de M. cannonballus com Chaetomium. Substrato infestado com 0,5; 1; 2; 4 e 8 x 10(5) UFC g-1 de Chaetomium foi colocado em bandejas, nas quais sementes de meloeiro do tipo Pele de Sapo cv. PS 1430 foram semeadas após duas semanas de incubação. As mudas obtidas foram transplantadas para vasos com substrato semelhante, sendo que neste momento o substrato foi infestado com mais 2,5 x 10(4) UFC g-1 de Chaetomium por vaso e 20 UFC g-1 de substrato de M. cannonballus. Três testemunhas foram utilizadas, uma infestada apenas com Chaetomium, outra somente com M. cannonballus e testemunha absoluta. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. As avaliações foram efetuadas aos 45 dias após o transplante, sendo calculado o índice geral de doença e o percentual de controle. O valor do índice geral de doença variou conforme o aumento da concentração de Chaetomium, sendo os menores valores encontrados para os tratamentos 4 e 8 x 10(5) UFC g-1de Chaetomium equivalentes a 0,9 e 0,6, respectivamente. A análise estatística demonstrou que os tratamentos correspondentes a 4 e 8 x 10(5) UFC g-1 de Chaetomium foram mais eficientes, diferindo dos demais, com percentual de controle superior a 55 %, evidenciado o potencial de Chaetomium no controle de M. cannonballus.

Melon collapse caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is one of the main diseases that affect this cucurbit. The objective of this research was to study the biological control of M. cannonballus by Chaetomium. Infested substrates with 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 x 10(5) CFU g-1 were introduced in plates where seeds of melon type Piel de Sapo cv. PS 1430 were sowed in seeding trays after two weeks of incubation. The seedlings were transplanted to pots with a similar substrate, infested additionally with 2.5 x 10(4) CFU of Chaetomium per gram and 20 CFU of M. cannonballus per gram of substrate. Three controls were considered: one infested with Chaetomium alone, another with M. cannonballus and one without any treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. General disease index and control percentage were evaluated forty-five days after transplant. The General disease index varied according to the increased Chaetomium concentration. The results demonstrated that 4 and 8 x 10(5) CFU of Chaetomium g-1 were equivalent to 0.9 and 0.6, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that 4 and 8 x 10(5) CFU g-1 of Chaetomium concentration were the most efficient treatments, with control percentage higher than 55 %, indicating the potential of Chaetomium to control M. cannonballus.

The objective of this work was to test different kinds of sugar for the extraction of ascospores of M. cannonballus. The ascospores of this ascomycete involved in melon (Cucumis melo) collapse can be recovered from soil by a physical method using a gradient of sucrose (50% concentration). The use of commercial sucrose represents a high cost per sample. This is the reason for research into a cheaper substitute sugar. In this work, we compared dextrose, commercial cane sugar and dessert sugar. Average ascospores/g of soil recovered with all these sugars were not statistically different, using the Tukey Test (P=0.05). The use of commercial cane sugar is recommended for its efficacy and low cost in every sample (R$ 0.042).

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo probar diferentes tipos de azúcares en la extracción de ascosporas de Monosporascus cannonballus. Las ascosporas de este ascomiceto implicado en el "colapso" del melón (Cucumis melo), pueden ser extraidas del suelo mediante un proceso físico, utilizando un gradiente de sacarosa al 50% de concentración. El uso de este azúcar presenta elevado costo por muestra, por lo que se busca un azúcar sustitutivo, eficaz para realizar la extracción de estas ascosporas y a la vez, de bajo costo. En este trabajo, además de sacarosa, se utilizó también dextrosa, azúcar de mesa y azúcar de repostería, siendo utilizadas seis repeticiones para cada uno de los tratamientos. La media de ascosporas/g de suelo recogidas en cada uno de los tratamientos no difirió estadísticamente entre sí, según el test de Tukey (P=0,05). Se recomienda la utilización del azúcar de caña por su eficacia y bajo costo por muestra (R$ 0,042).

O colapso em cucurbitáceas é uma síndrome complexa na qual podem estar envolvidos numerosos agentes fitopatógenos, sendo bastante freqüente o ataque associado de vários deles. No presente trabalho é apresentado o comportamento de 19 cultivares de meloeiro (Cucumis melo) e duas de melancia (Citrullus lanatus), cultivadas no Brasil, frente a Acremonium cucurbitacearum e Monosporascus cannonballus, dois dos patógenos fúngicos associados a esta síndrome em diversos países. Todas as cultivares de meloiro e melancia mostraram-se susceptíveis a estes patógenos, obtendo-se valores de 2,2 até 4,4 de índice geral de doença (IGD) para as cultivares de melão inoculadas com ambos os fungos e 2,4 até 2,5 para as cultivares de melancia inoculadas com A. cucurbitacearum. As cultivares de melancia mostraram resistência na combinação com M. cannonballus. A conveniência de efetuar estudos com outras cultivares utilizando a metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho é discutida.

Vine decline or collapse on cucurbits is a syndrome that can be caused by several phytopathogenic agents and is frequently associated with the attack of several of them. Acremonium cucurbitacearum and Monosporascus cannonballus are two of the main fungal pathogens associated with this syndrome. The pathogenicity of these fungi was evaluated for 19 muskmelon (Cucumis melo) and two watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivars usually cultivated in Brazil. All cultivars tested were highly susceptible to these pathogens except for the combination watermelon-M. cannonballus. The importance of continuing the study with other cultivars using the methodology described is discussed.